Bibliometric indicators and regional inequalities: An analysis of scientific output in engineering
Indicadores bibliométricos y desigualdades regionales: Un análisis de la producción científica en ingenieríaMain Article Content
This study analyses regional inequalities in global scientific output, with a specific focus on the field of engineering. Using a quantitative design and bibliometric data from the OECD and the World Bank for the period 2009-2023, it examines the distribution of scientific output and its correlation with socio-economic indicators such as GDP per capita and investment in R&D. The results reveal a marked concentration of scientific output in Asia-Pacific, Western Europe and North America, which together account for more than 90% of the global total. A strong positive correlation is observed between scientific output and R&D investment (r = 0.91), and a moderate correlation with GDP per capita (r = 0.16). Analysis of inequality over time, measured by the Gini coefficient and the 80/20 ratio, shows a persistent, albeit slowly decreasing, disparity in the distribution of scientific output. These findings underscore the need for policies that promote equity in the global scientific system by fostering international collaboration and strengthening research capacities in less developed regions. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these inequalities for technological development and innovation on a global scale.
El presente estudio analiza las desigualdades regionales en la producción científica global, con un enfoque específico en el campo de la ingeniería. Utilizando un diseño cuantitativo y datos bibliométricos de la OCDE y el Banco Mundial para el período 2009-2023, se examina la distribución de la producción científica y su correlación con indicadores socioeconómicos como el PIB per cápita y la inversión en I+D. Los resultados revelan una marcada concentración de la producción científica en Asia-Pacífico, Europa Occidental y América del Norte, que en conjunto representan más del 90% del total mundial. Se observa una fuerte correlación positiva entre la producción científica y la inversión en I+D (r = 0.91), y una correlación moderada con el PIB per cápita (r = 0.16). El análisis de la desigualdad a lo largo del tiempo, medido por el coeficiente de Gini y el ratio 80/20, muestra una persistente, aunque lentamente decreciente, disparidad en la distribución de la producción científica. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de políticas que fomenten la equidad en el sistema científico global, promoviendo la colaboración internacional y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de investigación en las regiones menos desarrolladas. El artículo concluye con una discusión sobre las implicaciones de estas desigualdades para el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación a escala mundial.
Downloads
Article Details
Adams, J. (2012). The fourth age of research. Nature, 497(7451), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.1038/497557a
Arunachalam, S. (2003). The precursors of the information society in the developing countries. En B. Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (Vol. 37, pp. 357-410). Information Today. https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440370109
Bol, T., de Vaan, M., & van de Rijt, A. (2018). The Matthew effect in science funding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(19), 4887-4890. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719557115
Chavarro, D., Ràfols, I., & Tang, P. (2018). To what extent is inclusion in international research collaboration related to countries’ absorptive capacity? A case study of Latin American HIV/AIDS research. Research Policy, 47(1), 260-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.11.005
De Solla Price, D. J. (1963). Little Science, Big Science. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/pric91844
Fagerberg, J., & Srholec, M. (2008). National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development. Research Policy, 37(9), 1417-1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.06.003
Freeman, C. (1987). Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan. Pinter Publishers.
Gibbs, W. W. (1995). Lost Science in the Third World. Scientific American, 273(2), 92-99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24982290
Glänzel, W. (2003). Bibliometrics as a research field: A course on theory and application of bibliometric indicators. https://nsdl.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/943
Hirsch, J. E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(46), 16569-16572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507655102
Kim, L. (1997). Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning. Harvard Business School Press.
Larivière, V., Gingras, Y., & Archambault, É. (2009). The decline in the concentration of scientific production, 1900–2007. Scientometrics, 81(1), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2109-x
Lundvall, B. Å. (Ed.). (1992). National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. Pinter Publishers.
Merton, R. K. (1968). The Matthew Effect in Science. Science, 159(3810), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.159.3810.56
National Academy of Engineering. (2004). The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10999
Nielsen, M. W., & Andersen, J. P. (2021). Global citation inequality is on the rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(7), e2012208118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012208118
Royal Society. (2011). Knowledge, networks and nations: Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century. https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2011/4294976134.pdf
UNESCO. (2021). UNESCO Science Report: the race against time for smarter development. UNESCO Publishing. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377250
Van Leeuwen, T. N., Moed, H. F., Tijssen, R. J. W., Visser, M. S., & Van Raan, A. F. J. (2001). Language biases in the coverage of the Science Citation Index and its consequences for international comparisons of national research performance. Scientometrics, 51(1), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010548307803
Wagner, C. S. (2008). The New Invisible College: Science for Development. Brookings Institution Press.